Lujan, E. Nielsen, R. Short, Z. Wicks, S. Watetu, W. N. Khasoha, L. M. Alston, J. M. text xx 9999 monographic und

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Mutualisms between plants and ants are common features of tropical ecosystems around the globe and can have cascading effects on interactions with the ecological communities in which they occur. In an African savanna, we assessed whether acacia ants influence nest site selection by tree-nesting birds. Birds selected nest sites in trees inhabited by ant species that vigorously defend against browsing mammals. Future research could address the extent to which hatching and fledging rates depend on the species of ant symbiont, and why ants tolerate nesting birds but not other tree associates (especially insects). CREMATOGASTER SPP GRAY-CAPPED SOCIAL WEAVER (PSEUDONIGRITA ARNAUDI) GRAY-HEADED SPARROW (PASSER GRISEUS) KENYA PLANT-ANT MUTUALISMS SUPERB STARLING (LAMPROTORNIS SUPERBUS) SYMBIOSES TETRAPONERA PENZIGI https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NW2cXQ8AM2JbTqLzM3Y1i0u_YTDJDyr1/view?usp=drivesdk https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NW2cXQ8AM2JbTqLzM3Y1i0u_YTDJDyr1/view?usp=drivesdk 250602 20260521091741.0