The Context of Bénard Scientific Work and Nonlinear Science -- Scientific Biography of Henri Bénard (1874-1939) -- Bénard Cellular Structures -- Rayleigh-Bénard Convection: Thirty Years of Experimental, Theoretical, and Modeling Work -- Experiments with Rayleigh-Bénard Convection -- Rayleigh-Bénard Convection as a Model of a Nonlinear System: A Personal View -- Bénard Convection and Geophysical Applications -- Bénard-Marangoni Cellular Structures -- Bénard Layers, Overstability, and Waves -- Hydrothermal Waves in a Disk of Fluid -- Secondary Instabilities in Surface-Tension-Driven Bénard-Marangoni Convection -- Bénard and Wakes -- Wake Instabilities Behind Bluff Bodies -- Spatial Inhomogeneities of Hydrodynamic Instabilities -- Extension of Bénard's Work -- Patterns and Chaotic Dynamics in Faraday Surface Waves -- The Taylor-Couette Flow: The Hydrodynamic Twin of Rayleigh-Bénard Convection.

The impact of Benard's discovery on 20th century physics is crucial to any modern research area such as fluid dynamics, nonlinear dynamics, and non-equilibrium thermodynamics, just to name a few. This centenary review shows the broad scope and development including modern applications, edited and written by experts in the field.